Type 2 Diabetes

 Introduction 

https://youtu.be/GFmc3s6CQcI  (Youtube, 2012)

Ron Castro was newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. He found out during a recent check up that his A1C level were elevated; he'd never had them checked before. Ron stated that he is very active at work, lift weights, and typically eats healthy, but noticed that his weight has increased some. After his diagnosis, Ron started counting his carbohydrate and calorie intake. Whenever he goes out to dinner, he would eat less bread or no bread at all. He also uses an app on his phone that allows him to check the restaurant's nutritional facts before he arrives.  He stopped lifting weights because it caused him to gain weight. Instead, he does more cardio by walking at least four days a week, and started back playing basketball with his friends. He has a wife, kids, and grandkids whom all live in the household with Ron, and he described them as his support system. They make sure he stays on track with his healthy eating despite the temptations of eating unhealthy items that are in the house. While managing his type 2 diabetes, he has changed his diet and buys more vegetables. Ron mentions his grandkids as being his motivation for having the will power to get his diabetes under control. Ron also attends a diabetes educational class for tips on carb counting. 

Self-Concept/ Perception

Ron was very calm and did not express a great concern for his diagnosis. He understood there was a problem, and he had to make a lifestyle change. His perception about having type 2 diabetes was not negative at all. He started right away making the necessary changes to his lifestyle to help manage his diabetes. Ron made sure to educate himself on best practices to manage diabetes by attending classes about carb counting. He also understood how serious type 2 diabetes could be if not managed properly. His motivation was to continue to live for his family.  


https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v5/i3/296.htm
Social determinants of type 2 diabetes in the United States

Coping with type 2 diabetes

Ron came off as very optimistic about his journey living with type 2 diabetes. Everyone is not capable of having such a positive outlook on being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Once he found out about his disability, the first thing he did was educate himself. He learned how to maintain a healthier lifestyle to help control his glucose levels. His family also played an important role on they way he coped with the diagnosis. They were supporting him the whole way. The way people cope with the challenges of this disease has a significant affect on glycemic control. treatment outcomes, and quality of life (Hanson er al., 1989; Hepburn et al., 1994; Orlandi et al., 1995; Peyrot & MCMurry, 1992; Peyrot, McMurry, & Kruger,1999).

Researchers categorize the two coping styles as: 

problem-focused 

  • active
  • instrumental

emotion- focused

  • affective
  • avoidant
  • palliative

Problem- focused coping attempts to reduce the distress by changing the situation, and emotion-focused coping is done by altering the emotions stimulated by the situation ( DeCoster & Cummings, 2004). Ron used the problem- focused approach, and took control over his health by trying to change his health situation. 

How Type 2 Diabetes Impact Physical Development

Type 2 diabetes does not necessarily impact a person's physical development, but physical activity is highly recommended to help combat the disease. A few physical things that are impacted by type 2 diabetes are rapid weight loss, and possible amputation of limbs if glucose levels are not well maintained. 

How Type 2 Diabetes Impact Psychological Development

Have type 2 diabetes can be very stressful. Trying to figure out how to maintain a normal blood sugar, exercise regularly, and changing your diet is life altering. Without the proper support system, healthcare professionals, education, and will power can negatively impact a person psychologically. Having type 2 diabetes increases the risk of anxiety and depression. Type 2 diabetes can cause other health complications, which can exacerbate the psychological impact of this condition (Speight, Browne, Holmes-Truscott, Hendrieckx, Pouwer, 2012).

How Type 2 Diabetes Impact Social Development

Social support and self- efficacy are two important factors for managing type 2 diabetes. Social support is defined as assistance received from others that has the potential to enhance the recipient's well-being (Schaffer, 2009). Self-efficacy is "people's judgments of their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances" (Bandura,1986,p.391). Social support may be:

  • emotional
  • informational
  • tangible
  • affectionate
People living with type 2 diabetes that have an adequate support system will generally have high self-efficacy.  



References

DeCoster, V. A., & Cummings, S. (2004). Coping with type 2 diabetes: Do race and gender matter?. Social work in health care. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15774362/

Speight, J., Browne, J. L., Holmes-Truscott, E., Hendrieckx, C., & Pouwer, F. (2012, February 12). Diabetes Miles-Australia (management and impact for long-term empowerment and success): Methods and sample characteristics of a national survey of the psychological aspects of living with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in Australian adults - BMC public health. BioMed Central. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-12-120

YouTube. (2012, November 28). Living with type 2 diabetes - ron’s story - The Nebraska Medical Center. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFmc3s6CQcI



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